Oelp trip ppt report

东关历史文化街

-东关历史文化街曾是一条很繁盛的街道，至今保留了不少的老字号，例如开业于1830年的谢馥春香粉店，1817年的四美酱园等。它还有另一特色，那就是它保留有多处古典园林，其中以个园最为著名。

东关历史文化街

古典园林

东圈门历史街

-东关街以前不仅是扬州水陆交通要道，它还是商业，手工业和宗教文化中心。东关街也集中了众多古迹文物例如: 扬州较早创办的安定书院等，其中的一些古迹文物还保留着明清时期的特点，例如：那里还有建于康熙五十三年的清真寺与香火很旺的财神庙。

明清时期保留的特点

                          

财神庙

-在那里有一个东圈门门楼，是那条历史街的标志性建筑,建始与1520年。这条东圈门街上的名人宅第和遗迹，大都集中在街北一侧，如街东头的三祝庵. 

东圈门历史街

-曽是清代扬州八之一的.

-只是东本区是琼华寺（琼花观）和花园。祠前，由两个300年历史的古银杏树门前，现在是一个艺术画廊特色的书画作品由当地艺术家的旋转展览。画廊背后则是安静琼花的花园，其中包含扬州的市花，在琼花丰富。这花就是吸引皇帝到扬州为他们的春天之旅的一部分。

琼华寺（琼花观）

琼花

-大多都是盐商在这里居住，后来一些大小官员也移居于此，是历史上名副其实的豪宅一条街。

逸圃

-东邻全国四大名园之一的个园

个园

-逸圃其保留完整精美古典建筑，浓郁扬州特色园林的布局，让人有时空错位，置身旧梦的感觉

-逸圃保留了完整精美的古典建筑，园中有亭台、假山、鱼池。

完整精美的古典建筑

-在扬州园林中多半是前宅后园的形式，而逸圃却是在住宅的东面，也就是西宅东园，可谓是别具一格。

冶春茶社

-这间茶社历史悠久，它已有200年以上的历史了。

冶春茶社

-保留了远古的珠算特色

-这间茶社是以小吃为主，制法独特，色香味形并重，具有浓厚的地方特色，因此深受顾客们的喜爱。而且，想要吃这家店的小吃不一定要亲自到店里去，在船上的游客们也能享有品尝这些小吃的机会。这间茶社一面临河，所以在船上的游客若是高兴，便能从茶社要壶酒和心，便能在船上享用。回来时，游客们只需把碗，壶和钱一起还给茶社就行了

小吃

扬州的夕阳工业

早上皮包水，晚上水包皮

说的就是吃早茶和泡澡堂子，扬州以三把刀——剃头刀、切菜刀和修脚刀闻名于世。而所谓“皮包水”实指汤包，扬州不乏老字号的早茶店，如富春、冶春、共和春和锦春都是有口皆碑的。到了晚上，去洗洗澡，修修脚才算是真正体验到了慢生活的扬州，扬州浴室、永宁泉、双桂泉浴室都是算得上扬州的老字号浴室，陆琴脚艺和苏扬足部护理是扬州修脚行业的后起之秀。

1) 厨刀

-扬州菜刀是声播全国、享誉世界的淮扬菜的代名词。淮扬菜烹饪技艺以精工细作著称，案上功夫主要体现在严谨规范的刀功上。扬州厨刀工艺讲究，用起来得心应手。

-扬州菜刀下的切配：1.5厘米厚的豆制干批成24片，进而切成干丝，薄如纸，细如线，匀如发。

-扬州厨刀下的食雕更是“纤锋剖出玲珑雪,薄质雕成宛转丝”。花草、禽兽、风景、人物、典故，精雕细刻得逼真生动，情趣盎然，不足盈尺的食盘中，个个都是凝固的画，咀嚼的诗。

 

厨刀

2)修脚刀

-扬州修脚刀的招牌像一张名片，无论出现在全国哪个城市的浴都门口，都清楚地表明了它的含金量。

-扬州修脚刀有五种：口窄轻便的平刀(修刀、轻刀)，厚而坚的锛刀(枪刀)，嵌趾刀(条刀)，刀薄柄扁的铲刀(片刀)和刮刀。

-全套刀又分为大、小两套，大套12把，小套6把。刀型不同，用途各异，修脚师操刀上阵，或撕胼胝，或挖鸡眼，或修嵌甲残甲。

由技而医，由技而艺，代代相传，极具功力。扬州的修脚刀加上修脚师的精湛技艺，真的是各种脚病的克星，是趾甲的保护神。

修脚刀

3)理发刀

-扬州理发刀曾被乾隆皇帝“御赐一品刀”。

-每次剃头、修面、刮胡子，扬州理发师独到细腻的刀功，轻柔柔，绵酥酥，如春风拂面，似鹅毛撩心，使他受用得此身不知何处去，已随剃刀游九霄。

-扬州剃头刀，刀身约长三寸，脊厚刃薄，刀柄木质，中间有枢纽相连，便于理发师的手指在运刀的方向、角度、劲力、速度上的准确把握。

理发刀

为什么会变成夕阳工业

那是因为要掌握这些技巧需要花大量的时间来实践的。还有，人们可能不会想继承这些行业。最直接的原因有三个：第一是安全问题。人们怕用刀练习时的时候会伤到自己，因此为了避免麻烦，他们宁愿不学。还有由于时代的变迁，现代人能享用各种高科技产品与机器。这些物品让人们变得懒惰，因为人能做的，机器也做。所以大家抱着这种心态，觉得学了这些技巧一点意义也没有。最后一个原因是卫生问题。修脚师天天都要看着顾客的脚，可是那些脚很不干净。所以，这么脏的工作没有人想做

传统建筑

传统建筑

由于扬州的以前的盐商富甲天下，他们有大量的财富来建造园林，非常奢华，仅扬州城内私家园林最盛时就达200多处。但是经过盐制改革、鸦片战争、天平天国战争后，大量的扬州园林或荒废，或焚毁，或拆卖，便开始由盛转衰。扬州园林中目前历史最悠久、保存最完整、最具艺术价值的，是坐落在扬州古城北隅的“个园”，现在是扬州著名的旅游景点。

传统戏曲

扬州清曲作为中国江苏历史悠久并具有影响力的曲艺之一。曲词题材的选择极其广泛，曲目非常丰富。每个曲目的演唱由一人到数人参加，现今仍保持着传统的坐唱形式，除演唱者本人以外，其他人均操一件乐器，同时还有人员不等的小型乐队伴奏，乐器以丝竹管弦和打击乐为主。

传统戏曲

饮食文化

扬州菜肴闻名海内外，与鲁菜、川菜、粤菜被并称为中国的“四大菜系”。扬州菜也称为淮扬菜，到现在为止已经有一千多年的历史。淮扬菜非常讲究刀工，刀功向以精细著名。扬州菜的菜品形态精致，滋味醇和，并在烹饪上善用火候，讲究火功。而且，扬州人每天早晨缺一不可的便是点心

扬菜

讲究刀工

传统工艺

-中国雕版印刷术的发源地在扬州，并成为中国国内唯一保存全套古老雕版印刷工艺的城市，这种工艺也被列为国家非物质文化遗产。雕版印刷的第一步是制作原稿，然后将原稿反转过来摊在平整的大木板上并固定好。最后在刻好的木板上刷上墨，在印刷机中加压形成原稿的复制品。

                                           传统雕版印刷

Oelp trip ppt

China's dilemma between pursuing higher economic growth and escalatingpollution

Ever since the industrialisation if China, China has become more and more polluted. The pollution in China has caused many health and environmental problems for the people there. 

In the recent 50 years, particularly in the last 20 years, China's economic development has been very strong. Since 1949, China's GDP has increased by 10 times. From 1985 to 2004, China's economic growth has gone through a remarkable 20 years, with its GDP's annual growth rate being about 8.7 percent, and still growing. However, all these achievements have come with a cost on China, particularly in the use of natural resources and the huge loss of eco-environment and pollution.

Environmental problems in China

1. Air and industrial pollution

-Lung cancer and cardiovascular disease were increasing.

-Lung cancer was two to three times more common in cities than in the countryside despite similar rates of tobacco smoking.

-Only 1% of the country’s 560 million city dwellers breathe air considered safe by the European Union, because all of its major cities are constantly covered in a "toxic gray shroud". Before and during the 2008 Summer Olympics, Beijing was "frantically searching for a magic formula, a meteorological deus ex machina, to clear its skies for the 2008 Olympics."

-Many Chinese cities, including Shanghai, currently experience annual average levels of respirable particles that exceed the World Health Organization’s air quality guideline.

-The Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning in 2003 had an internal and unpublished report which estimated that 300,000 people die each year from ambient air pollution, mostly of heart disease and lung cancer.

-Chinese environmental experts in 2005 issued another report, estimating that annual premature deaths attributable to outdoor air pollution were likely to reach 380,000 in 2010 and 550,000 in 2020.

-A 2007 World Bank report conducted with China's national environmental agency found that "...outdoor air pollution was already causing 350,000 to 400,000 premature deaths a year. Indoor pollution contributed to the deaths of an additional 300,000 people, while 60,000 died from diarrhea, bladder and stomach cancer and other diseases that can be caused by water-borne pollution.

2.Water Pollution and water scarcity

-Wang Jusi (1989) points out that in China, two of the most important environmental problems are water pollution and water shortage.

-Rivers, lakes, oceans, and groundwater have all been polluted to an extent.

-The water resource per capita is 2140 cubic meters in China, only a quarter of the world's average, ranking 110th among the world’s poorest countries of low water resources per capita.

-Experts predict that China's population in 2030 will reach 1.6 billion, and water resources per capita volume will be only 1750 cubic meters, indicating China will face serious water shortage.

-About one-third of the world's population has no source of safe drinking water. As for China, a developing country, water pollution has become the main factor that harms the public health.

-Pang Pengsha points out that in 2004, China reported 753 incidents of water pollution, for which industrial waste plays the main role, and meanwhile, the non-degradable and toxic chemicals in the agricultural waste, sewage and solid waste have caused serious damage to soil and underground water resources.

-Small rural industries cause a serious water pollution problem in China. In China, the water quality of over half of all river is unsafe for human, and the serious water pollution costs several per cent of GDP, estimated. Mark Wang (2007) argues that rural industry is the basis of the economic, but it plays the same important role that causes the serious water pollution problem in China.

-An increasing population and rapid economic growth as well as lax environmental oversight have increased water demand and pollution.

These are only two of the environmental problems and pollution that China faces that I have listed down. In conclusion, although there are certain benefits in China developing its economy, I feel that the negative impacts of China's pursuit of higher economic growth outweighs it's benefits. The negative impact on the environment and the amount of pollution it causes is too severe to ignore. The impact on the people's health is also very serious. I feel that the health of the people is more important than China's economy. Afterall, if a person has a lot of money but poor health, he cannot enjoy his wealth. This is similar to China's case. China is sacrificing environmental health for economic growth, and I feel that this is jot worth it. If China wants to improve its economy, the environmental health should still be taken into consideration, as health, the people's health, or at least the environment, is more important. So therefore, I conclude that while China pursuits higher economic growth and industrialises, China still needs to take into consideration the environment and the peoples health, and not totally focusing on industrialising and economic growth.

China's dilemma between pursuing higher economic growth and escalatingpollution due to industrialization.

The pollution in China has affected the health of its people due to the industrialization in China.

1. According to the Chinese Ministry of Health, industrial pollution has made cancer China’s leading cause of death.
2. Every year, ambient air pollution alone killed hundreds of thousands of citizens.
3. 500 million people in China are without safe and clean drinking water.
4. Only 1% of the country’s 560 million city dwellers breathe air considered safe by the European Union, because all of its major cities are constantly covered in a "toxic gray shroud". Before and during the 2008 Summer Olympics, Beijing was "frantically searching for a magic formula, a meteorological deus ex machina, to clear its skies for the 2008 Olympics."
5. Lead poisoning or other types of local pollution continue to kill many Chinese children.
6. A large section of the ocean is without marine life because of massive algal blooms caused by the high nutrients in the water.
7. The pollution has spread internationally: sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides fall as acid rain on Seoul, South Korea, and Tokyo; and according to the Journal of Geophysical Research, the pollution even reaches Los Angeles in the USA.
8. The Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning in 2003 had an internal and unpublished report which estimated that 300,000 people die each year from ambient air pollution, mostly of heart disease and lung cancer.
9. Chinese environmental experts in 2005 issued another report, estimating that annual premature deaths attributable to outdoor air pollution were likely to reach 380,000 in 2010 and 550,000 in 2020.
10. A 2007 World Bank report conducted with China's national environmental agency found that "...outdoor air pollution was already causing 350,000 to 400,000 premature deaths a year. Indoor pollution contributed to the deaths of an additional 300,000 people, while 60,000 died from diarrhea, bladder and stomach cancer and other diseases that can be caused by water-borne pollution." World Bank officials said "China’s environmental agency insisted that the health statistics be removed from the published version of the report, citing the possible impact on 'social stability'".
11. There were more than a hundred thousands of premature deaths each year in China due to its pollution.
12. Rapid urbanisation brought dust from new housing and road building, while more traffic increased emissions. Slower wind speeds than usual in northern China were an additional contributing factor 

In my opinion, I think that China should cut down on its industrialization due to its escalating pollution. The escalating pollution of the air, water and land has shown that the pollution caused by industrialization had caused the most harm in its people's health. From my point of view, China is sacrificing its people's health just for it's own economical growth. It is also contributing to the global warming by releasing the large amount of pollution into the air. It's people's health should have been their top priority, even if they continued pursuing higher economical growth, yet if their people are all sick or dead, there would still be a continuous downwards trend of its economical growth as the fumes of smoke would repulse tourism and due to the population decreasing at a higher rate, there would be lesser workers able to work, thus, the quality and quantity of things produced in China would decrease. Causing the economy of the country to go down. Therefore, I conclude that China should cut down on its industrialization due to its escalating pollution.

Done by: Valerie (16)

China's dilemma between pursuing high economic growth and keeping theenvironment clean

中国一直都在持续的进步自己国民的生活素质。可是，对于国家发展有直接影响的是：国家的经济发展。只有追求更高的经济增长率，国家才能更好的发展。可是，中国的发展难免会涉及到它的环境素质。例如不同的发电会给环境造成不同的影响：化石燃料的发电会造成热污染，空气污染而且还会排放出二氧化碳。所以中国虽想保持自己国家的环境清洁，但同时又想发展自己的国家，好提升国民的生活素质。不管是发展中的国家还是发达国家都想同时达到那两样，可是却很难。若国家不研发出一种不会造成污染的发电方法，它是不会同时达到保持环境清洁与发展自己的国家的。

Done by: Lei Jianing(11)

China's dilemma between pursuing higher economic growth and escalating pollution due to the industrialisation.

• Result of pursuing economic growth

o   China's economy is booming

§  The evidence of China's economic growth is everywhere - in construction, infrastructure, property, retail and large scale manufacturing. China's economy seems certain to maintain its average growth rate of 8.5% p.a since 1978, despite the dire predictions of late last year, and 2009 will surely be remembered as the year in which China "de-coupled" from the US. To use a well worn analogy: the train has most certainly left the station - either get on it or get out of the way! 

o   The Chinese Government is making all the right moves to ensure confidence, stability and national pride in the country's achievements

§  The timing, size and impact of last year's US$586 billion stimulus package has delivered an immediate return to the economy but the greatest benefits have been delivered in so many other ways, including: 

Ø  The upgrade in infrastructure in the first tier cities, notably Shanghai and Beijing, which are now as impressive as any city in the world. 

Ø  The investment in the second tier cities such as Chongqing (population 20m) is large, significant and impressive. 

Ø  The English language is widely spoken at all levels of society, particularly amongst the younger generations. 

Ø  The quality of service in shops, hotels, restaurants and even in the markets is now at an international level. Many regular travellers to China (myself included) used to complain that, whilst the "hardware" (i.e. hotels, airplanes, shops, roads) was often world class, the "software" (i.e. service, language, skills, training, attitude) was often lacking. This is now changing very rapidly. 

o   China is moving up the value chain

§  China is looking to upgrade the quality of its exports by moving into higher value manufacturing capabilities. The collapse of low value exports to the developed world has forced the whole country to accelerate its move down this path. 

“ The evidence of China's economic growth is everywhere - in construction, infrastructure, property, retail and large scale manufacturing. ”

• Pollution caused due to industrialization

o   Air pollution

§  Thick haze blown off the Eastern coast of China, over Bo Hai Bay and Yellow Sea. The haze might result from urban and industrial pollution.

§  Zhong Nanshan, the president of the China Medical Association, in 2012 warned that air pollution could become the biggest health threat. Lung cancer and cardiovascular disease were increasing because of factory and vehicle air pollution and tobacco smoking. Lung cancer was two to three times more common in cities than in the countryside despite similar rates of tobacco smoking. Zhong stated that while transparency had increased in recent years much more information was needed and called for detailed epidemiological research. He questioned official data stating that air pollution was decreasing. Until recently the governmental air quality index did not include ozone and PM2.5 despite being the most dangerous to human health.

§  Measurements in January 2013 showed levels of air pollution, as measured by the density of particulate matter smaller than 2.5 micrometres in size, was literally off the chart – higher than the maximum 755 μg the US Embassy's equipment can measure. Smog from mainland China has reached as far as California.

§  Sulfur dioxide emissions increased until 2006 after which they began to decline. This has been accompanied by improvements on several related variables such as the frequency of acid rains and satellite measurements of aerosol optical depth. This is likely mainly due to adoption of sulfur reducing technology by power plants.

§  Large scale use of formaldehyde in construction and furniture also contribute to indoor air pollution

     o   River exploitation and deforestation 

§  In 2008, China began an era of infrastructure and real estate construction campaign. Rivers are often exploited for soil and rock. To do this, trees and grassland along a given river is cleared, then the riverbed is deepened by a few dozen meters. The river is usually littered with numerous small deep lakes and sand/rock heaps. The ground water level can easily be reduced by 5 meters in nearby villages. Excavators and crushers work all day and night kicking up dust and making noise pollution a problem. Factories may dump their chemical emissions into river, or inject it into the groundwater. This practice is so widespread that many rivers in northern China are dry, with many rivers in southern China being polluted to the point of toxicity. The complete ruin of rivers and forests in many parts of China underscores the current severe pollution. Youth in China are beginning to show their resentment towards mistreatment of the environment, accompanied by an exodus of wealthy Chinese. It is unknown whether the latter is caused by environmental problems on a large scale. 

  

o   Electronic waste

§  In 2011, China produced 2.3 million tons of electronic waste, second largest in the world. The annual amount is expected to increase as the Chinese economy grows. Large amounts of electronic waste are imported from overseas, as well. Disassembly and processing of electronic waste can create jobs and recycle valuable materials but also harm humans and the environment by releasing pollutants. Legislation banning importation and requiring proper disposal of indigenous waste as well as providing for governmental subsides for proper disposal has recently been introduced but has been criticized as insufficient and susceptible to fraud. There have been local successes, such as in the city of Tianjin where 38,000 tonnes were disposed of properly in 2010, but much electronic waste is improperly handed.

§  Guiyu may have one of the world's largest electronic waste sites. The electronic waste in Guiyu and recycling operations have created many jobs but also many health and environmental problems.

Conclusion: Even though China has achieved a lot and was able to pursue higher economic growth, China still needs to take note about the environment since quite a lot of pollution has been happening already. It is important for China to develop economically as a country but it is also of equal importance for them to take care of the environment.  

REFERNCES:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution_in_China

http://www.flyingsolo.com.au/working-smarter/growth/china-s-economic-growth-seven-lessons

Done By: Owi Ming How (30)